大管轮面试问题及参考答案
大管轮是轮机部非常重要的管理人员，因此船东对大管轮的面试和挑选非
常重视。大管轮的面试一般集中在日常部门管理能力和轮机长的配合能力、服意识、辅机、舵机以及甲板机械等机器设备的挂你和保养等方面。同时，还要大管轮了解《国际安全管理规则》（ISM）和《公司安全管理体系》（SMS）的相关知识。
1. What are the responsibilities of the First Engineer on board a ship?
The First Engineer is under the leadership of the Chief Engineer. He is
responsible for the following.
(1) Day – to day running of the Engine room.
(2) Management of the Engine department personnel.
(3) Safety matters in the Engine Room.
(4) All maintenance and repair jobs on board ship.
(5) The main engine and is auxiliary equipment, steering gears, emergency equipments in Engine Room, etc.
(6) Making and implementing the PMS (Planned Maintenance System)
(7) Requisition for, receipt and control of spare parts and stores
(8) Supervision of the jobs of engine crew.
(9) Keeping watch from 0400 to 0800 and from 1600 to 2000 except for UMS operation.
2. What is your emergency position on the Muster List on your last vessel?
I control and operate the main engine except for the abandon-ship and fire in
engine room emergency situations.
3. Can you describe an emergency situation you ever encountered on board ship?
No, I have never met any emergency situation before now.
4. Which machineries and spare parts should be under your charge?
I should be responsible for the main engine, the service pumps for main engine,
steering gear, accommodation air condition, provision of refrigerator and emergency equipments. I should also prepare maintenance reports, fuel oil lubrication oil samples analysis, inventory report of spare parts, store and spare parts, store and spare parts requirements, etc.
5. Describe the procedure to start a fresh water generator, boiler, emergency generator?
In case of fresh water generator:
(1) Check he valves to make sue that they are in the normal position;
(2) Open the sea water valves of condenser and supply sea water to heating chamber;
(3) Start the sea water ejector pump to draw out the vacuum until the heating chamber vacuum 93%(about 700 mmHg)
(4) Open the water heating valves and keep the heating chamber temperature around 45 degree Centigrade;
(5) When the condensed water reaches a certain level, start the distilled water pump, and keep its pressure no less than 0.2Mpa.
(6) Start chemical liquid feed pump.
In case of automatic boiler:
(1) check the water level to make sure there is normal volume of water pressure from cold condition);
(2) open vent valve on top of the boiler (if it is first time to raise pressure from cold condition);
(3) Confirm the boiler water supply pumps are in “Auto” condition;
(4) Switch on the power supply;
(5) Put the boiler control switch in “Auto” position.
(6) Automatically start the boiler, close the air vent valve while the boiler steam pressure reaches 0.02 Mpa;
(7) Confirm the boiler can auto stop while it pressure reaches “high limit”(e.g.0.7Mpa);
In case of manual boiler:
(1) Check the Water level to make sure there is normal volume of water inside and put the feed water pump in “ AUTO” position.
(2) Open the vent valve on top of boiler (if it is first time raise pressure from cold condition);
(3) Put the draft fan in “manual” position, and make preventive blow to avoid any possible explosion,
(4) Put the fuel oil pump in “Manual” position;
(5) Ignite fire by pressing the manual button, if the fire “On”, put the button in “Normal” position;
(6) When the steam pressure reaches to 0.1Mpa, close the air vent valve;
(7) After making sure everything is in order, the normal burning can be done to make the steam pressure each required level.
In case of emergency generator:
(1) Check the lube oil level in the crankcase and fuel oil level in the tank all in normal level;
(2) Check to see if there is any leakage;
(3) Check the air pressure if the generator is the air-started model; or check the battery voltage to see whether it is normal if the generator is of the battery start model.
(4) Also make sure there aren’t any obstacles around the machine.
(5) Put the test switch in “Manual” position, and manually start it after making sure that above-mentioned items in order;
(6) If you use “Auto test” model, or “black out” model to test the emergency generator, you must inform bridge duty officer and Chief Engineer. And you cannot carry it until you get the permit from both of them. Otherwise you must wait;
(7) “Auto” must be carried out once every month. “Black out test must be carried out once every 3 months.
6. When the main engine cannot be started by the compressed air, whatare the possible cause?
There may be the following cause:
(1) Air pressure is too low;
(2) The turning gear is still engaged;
(3) There may be operational fault;
(4) Some of the high injection pumps are sticked;
(5) No fuel oil due to some safety device actions;
(6) Relative locked due to the fact that the fuel valve is not open or the fuel pump is not running.
(7) Air distributor timing has been wrong. Etc.
7. When main engine stops after running a while, what are the possible cause?
The following reasons may lead to the problem:
(1) some of the high injection pumps are sticked;
(2) there is no fuel oil because valve is not open or the fuel pump is not running;
(3) lube oil pressure is too low, or control air pressure is too low etc.
8. What is the purpose of taking lube oil samples for analysis?
By analyzing the lube oil sample, we want to know whether the lube oil meets the stipulated standards in viscosity, TBN (total base number), flash point, water contents, mechanic impurities etc.. if impurities (i.e. metals) are viscosity is lower than the standard, it may mean that fuel oil have leaked into the lube oil system. Too much fuel in the lube oil system can lower the flesh point of the lube and also may lead to possible explosion. The important figure is TBN. If the TBN is lower than the standard, it means the loss of the anti-acid ability and this will lead to the moving parts corrosive in the near future.
9. What are the things you need to take note during the handover （before you sign off）?
The out going First Engineer shall prepare a set of handover notes for the incoming First Engineer and shall ask the incoming V be familiar with the note contents. One copy of the handover notes with their signatures shall be given to the Chief Engineer for file. In general the handover procedure shall include the following:
(1) A tour of the engine room, with view of the engines, documents and equipments;
(2) Discussion on current and future engine and machine’s operation problems, spare part requirement;
(3) Information on the maintenance work and problem;
(4) Dry dock repair list, it there is any;
(5) Discussion on the junior engineers or crew’s capacity and personalities;
(6) Survey status and requirements;
(7) Store and spare part order and requisition;
(8) Current status of the ship’s safety equipments and machines;
(9) Safety and environment protection procedures and any special requirement by the company and in some areas in the world;
(10) Disciplinary procedures and management practice in the Engine department;
(11) Any other matters that the outgoing First Engineer thinks necessary and important.
After the handover, the two First Engineers should sign all the handover Check as evidence and for files.
大管轮也是船上特别是轮机部门非常重要的职位， 所以交接班非常重要。
10．Before and after any hot work is carried out, what are the safety precautions you take?
(1) An application of hot work permit must be made before this kind of work is done. One copy shall be put on hot work spot, and another copy in ship’s file;
(2) Make sure that you are suitable equipped and clothed.
(3) Observe carefully to see whether the weather, and the temperature are fit for firework.
(4) See whether fired part and its vicinity have any potential inflammable materials or toxic gases that can arise any fire or poisoning disaster. Make sure that the hot work spot is cleaned and is free from such things as diesel oil, kerosene, paint, cleaners or thinners.
(5) And make sure that you have enough extinguisher equipment available.
(6) When the hot work is done, make sure the fire men are standing by for any emergency.
(7) After firework is done, check carefully whether any inflammable things are left.
(8) Ask one or two persons to watch carefully for a period time until you are sure that will not be any inflammation or ignition after you leave the spot.
11. What kind of work belongs to hot work? When are you not allowed to do hot work?
Hot work refer to all the work involving high temperature, open flames, or sparks that can cause ignition of combustible gases, vapor, or liquid in vicinity where such work is done. This kind of work includes electric and gas welding and cutting or burning, grinding, metal chipping, sandblasting/grit blasting, work with spark caused by falling or hitting, work with electric sparks, other work with high temperature etc.
Under the following circumstances, hot work is forbidden:
(1) Anywhere on the ship during cargo operation, when handling flammable cargoes unless the ship has got permission from the terminal and port authority;
(2) Anywhere and any time during the bunkering;
(3) In enclosed paces or where atmosphere is suspicious;
(4) Where painting work is underway at same time
(5) Where unsafe factors are suspected.
12. How do you carry out gas testing and how do you test the explosion?
I use the gas tester to detest the gas composite content.
In the vicinity of the places to be tested, the flammable gas content should not more than the limited figure, and no combustive materials are available to avoid any fire.
13. Please explain the meeting of “SOPEP”? What contents should be included in the SOPEP?
SOPEP means Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan and it should contain the following:
(1) Procedures to be followed by the Master or other persons in charge of the ship to report an oil pollution incident. (2) Authority or persons to be contacted in the event of oil pollution. (3) Detailed description of actions to be taken immediately by persons on board to reduce or control the discharge of oil following incident. (4) List of oil spill response equipment and materials to b maintained on board. （Removers, sprayer, oil absorbent, saw dust, sand, waste rag, scoop, shovels, buckets, bamboo brooms, portable pump, protective clothing, portable containers）.
Simple speaking, SOPEP should include such things as the emergency contacts (telephone and other means of communication, address, etc.), the equipment used in dealing with oil pollution, the muster list in the oil pollution, and the report procedure when the accident happens etc.
14．What is the ISM Code? What is the SMS? What contents are there in the ISM code?
ISM means International Management Code for the Safety Operation of Ships and Pollution Prevention. The ISM Code includes 16 chapters falling into two parts: implementation of Part One，and certification of Part Two.
The 16 chapters are: general, safety and environment protection policy, company responsibilities and authority, designated person(s), master’s responsibilities and authority, resources and personnel, development of plans for shipboard operation, emergency preparedness, reports and analysis of non-conformity, accidents occurrences, maintenance of the ship and equipment, documentation, company verification, review and evaluation, certification and verifications and control, certification periodical verification, verification, interim certification, and forms of certificates. The last four chapters are added in the new version of ISM Code.
SMS means safety management system, and this system is mad based on the 16 elements of ISM Code, which is a compulsory part SOLAS74. THE SHIPOWNER OR MANAGER CANNOT GET document of Compliance (DOC) and SMS without audited Safety Management Certificate (SMC) by Class designated by the flag registry country administration.
15. What do Observation, Non-conformity and Major non-conformity in the ISM Code mean respectively?
Observation means a statement of fact made during a Safety Management audit and substantiated by objective evidence. Non-conformity means an observed situation where objective evidence indicates the non-fulfillment of a specified requirement. Major non-conformity means an identifiable deviation that poses a serious threat to the safety of personnel or the ship or a serious risk to the environment that requires immediate corrective action and serious risk to the environment that requires immediate corrective action and includes the lack of effective and systematic implementation of a requirement of this Code. ( 摘自新ISM Code 原文)
以上内容不一定要非常准确详细地背诵，但至少要知道大致地内容，尤其要知道ISM规则是变化的、开放的国际公约，其内容经常进行修改和增加。 此外，随着ISM规则的改变，各船东和管理公司对ISM也要进行显影的修改和补充。
16． What ranks should not be allowed shore leave at the same time?
In view of the jobs on board, the following positions and ranks can not be allowed to have shore leave at the same time: the Master and the Chief Officer; the Chief Engineer and First Engineer; the Chief Engineer and electrician; the bosun and Pumpman (in tankers); the Chief Cook and Second Cook (or mess boy); the Chief Officer and Pumpman (tanker).
An crew who wants shore leave must check with the department had for permission and return to the vessel on time.
17. What is the maximum blood alcohol concentration (BAC) rate on board?
According to the stcw95, the BAC shall not be more than 0.08% by weight any time when being tested, but the CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) requires the BAC to be no more than 0.04%. Watch –keepers are not allowed to drink any alcoholic beverage 4 hours before their watch.
18. When you are keeping the watch, what should you be careful about?
In order to ensure the normal operation of the engines, I should
(1) Keep close watch on the fuel oil and lube oil conditions;
(2) Be alert on any possible problems arising from abnormal temperature, leakage, or some other problem;
(3) Be careful about those abnormal noises;
(4) Make a quick judgment if hearing abnormal noise from machines, and report them to the Chief Engineer or even the master immediately if the noise are very serious and I myself cannot deal with it;
(5) Obey the rules of the company and the instructions from Chief Engineer, Master and some warnings from the deck department.
19. What should a Muster List include? What kind of Muster List did you have on the Last vessel?
The Muster List should include the following contents:
(1) Details of emergency alarm signal:
(2) How ship-abandon will be driven;
(3) Substitutes for the key personnel who may become disabled on board;
(4) Specify the boat to which each person belong and duties to be performed by abandon ship situation;
(5) The specific group to which person belongs and general duties during various emergencies;
(6) Any additional or specific duties;
(7) Specific assembly point of each group.
The Muster List must be ready before the ship’s sailing.
We had the following separate Muster Lists on board the last vessel: general emergency, fire fighting, fire in the engine room, emergency steering, abandon-ship, man overboard, oil pollution prevention, and so on.
20. What preparations should you make before entry into port?
The preparations include the following.
(1) Stand by the main engine (including testing test engine ahead/astern by remote control and emergency local control);
(2) Start generator and, check power supply steering gear;
(3) Test emergency generator and emergency steering gearing;
(4) Check all the cargo gears in accordance with the requirements from the ship the bridge;
(5) Report fuel oil and fresh water quality, drain out water from fuel oil tanks/air bottles and test alarm system and monitor system;
(6) Change fuel oil to diesel oil if needed, reduce the speed of main enfgine to harbor speed;
(7) Test the telegraph, correct clocks between bridge and engine room;
(8) Make some other preparations according to “prepare for arrival port check list”.
According to USCG regulations, the main engine test must be carried out within 12 hours before arrival.
Emergency generator and emergency steering gear test must be carried out within 48 hours before arrival.
尽管各个公司地SMS手册针对此项工作有不同地规定， 但可能是大同小异。
21． How would you balance your engine after taking power diagram? What is the use of VIT?
This is done by adjustment of the individual pump ranks (on fuel injection pump). It is usually carried out after careful analysis of the results of the power diagram (indicator cards) wherein we can decide which units need adjustment. Exhaust temperatures have to be carefully monitored since this will nearly7 indicate the pMax condition. Pump rack scale should be limited to within 3mm deviation. If after adjustment and results are negative, component such as piston ring, fuel injection pump, exhaust valves, etc, have to be inspected at first opportunity.
VIT or Variable Injection Timing is a device further incorporated on fuel injection pump to automatically adjust pMax by changing the position of the pump barrel (changes the pump timing), which in turn control the amount of fuel delivered. It is usually advantageous during rough weather condition where abrupt load changes occur and so proper load distributions among cylinders are maintained.
22. Are you familiar with the following engine overhauling work; main engine overhaul, turbo charger overhaul, main bearing and crankpin bearing overhaul, and safety equipment survey? Before overhauling work is done, what preparations should you make?
I am very familiar with the overhauling work of the engines mentioned above.
In every machinery overhaul, preparation is extremely important. The preparations usually include:
(1) Overhaul schedule ( time and place to be decided)
(2) Anticipate the conditions and or activities at the place or overhaul:
(3) Check necessary spare and special tools that will be required;
(4) Make necessary requisitions for spares if necessary;
(5) Discuss the matter with the master and ask for his approval;
(6) Inform concerned persons of the planned overhauling work;
(7) Conduct “ toolbox meeting”, which should cover the following items:
Personal protective equipment;
Specific duties/assignments of each crew;
Time allotted for the overhauling work;
Safety measure to be taken;
Discuss the work with the aid of drawing, finished plan;
Tools and spares to be used;
Checklist to be done prior to overhaul;
Person to report to in case of doubt or trouble.
After the overhaul, I should make sure of the following:
There is no leakage and that all parts have been replaced in order.
All tools used are secured in their respective location.
The spot of overhaul is cleaned.
The machinery is tried out for proper operation and function.
All safety service are checked.
23. Why is it important to take engine crankshaft deflection?
Engine crankshaft deflection measurements determine the alignment of the crankshaft and it is by means of this reading that we can ascertain the condition of the main bearings. Careful analysis of this reading would indicate which main bearing to check.
24. Marine diesel engines are equipped with turbo-chargers. What do you think are the cause of their surge?
Surging could be caused by the following reasons: rough weather conditions, fouled air cooler, improper load distribution between cylinders, deflective turbo changer – excessive clearances, worn-out bearings, fouled turbo charger, abnormally high exhaust gas back pressure, and blocked scavenging ports.
25. How do you program the : preventive maintenance service” of the main engine and its auxiliaries? What are the criteria or basis to do this?
Preventive Maintenance Service (PMS) of the main engine should be carried out as per the maker’s recommendation. This could be found in the instruction manuals. “Checking and Maintenance Program” should be consulted prior to scheduling and maintenance. This will clearly indicate the intervals at which it is deemed appropriate to inspect individual components and to carry out overhauls, if necessary, based on the engine condition or on the time criteria.
26. What is the advantage of oil lubricating on propeller shaft stern tube?
Circulating lube oil on propeller shaft stern tube is advantageous to the effect that it will serve as lubrication by providing a film or coating between rubbing surfaces thereby reducing friction and wear. It also acts as sealing medium when under controlling pressure to prevent entrance of seawater into the rubbing surface eliminating the possibility of corrosion.
27. What is the purpose of installing a mist detector on the main engine?
The purpose of installing oil mist detector to the main engine is for the detection of oil vaporization, which is usually cause by spot like overheated bearing due to improper lubrication. Explosive conditions are thus prevented if oil mists are detected early.
28. How can you be a good senior engineer?
I think it is important set an example for the junior engineers and oilers. Besides, harmonious relations with other people, especially the Chief Engineer, in my department is also very important.
29. How do you prevent the fire in the scavenging air box?
Considerable deposits of dirty oil and sludge in the scavenging air space can possibly cause fire. The draining pipes of the space must be checked carefully and must be kept not to be blocked. The scavenging air space should be checked and cleaned regularly. The cylinder lubricator should be adjusted properly and all cylinder liners, pistons and piston rings should be kept in good condition.
30. What are usually contained in a repair list?
A repair list may include such as items as repairing items, specifications to be required, materials or mechanical parts, requirement of repair, and so on.
31. What kind of safety pressure controlled by the following safety control:
(1) High pressure control control, which can automatically switch off the compressor in case the system is in high pressure, e.g. caused by stoppage or lack of supply of cooling water.
(2) Low pressure control: which can break the compressor automatically in case of pretty low pressure in the system.
32. What kind of machinery maintenance work you have ever experienced your past seamanship?
I have ever experienced such maintenance and repair work as:
a) Dry docking;
b) Open-up and examination of principal parts of main engine (Pistons, Cylinder covers, Crosshead bearings, Crank pin bearings, Crank bearings, Thrust bearing Thrust bearings, and so on);
c) Propeller, Propeller shaft, Propeller bearings and line shaft bearing;
d) Open-up and examination of principal mountings on boiler;
e) Corrosion protection of the principal piping line (Main cooling seawater piping, Suction and delivery ballast water line, and so on);
f) Open - up and examination of Steering gears; electric equipment, switchboard, and electric cables check and maintenance work.